When looking for the origins of the theological study of mathematics within the Greek philosophical tradition we must of course start with Pythagoras (c. 570 – 490 BCE), whose strong connection to this field of study survives even to this day with his continued association with the Pythagorean theorem for example.
But much of the philosophical and mystical aspects of the Pythagorean school are somewhat lost by modern academics and scholars who look for a specific documented philosophical position to attribute to him and/or his followers. If he wrote anything it doesn’t survive, and although he is frequently mentioned in the writings of Aristotle and Plato he’s not given much credit for any particular philosophical position or cosmology, outside of the attribution of mathematics, and numbers specifically, as a window into the cosmic world order, a mathematical world order that governed not only earthly activities and the disposition and behavior…
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Die Goldene Landschaft 